Fig. 1

Overview of experimental EMG channels treated as “measured” (blue boxes) and “unmeasured” (orange italicized text) when performing SynX and SO, along with associated muscles in the OpenSim model for each subject (black italicized text). A total of 16 channels of EMG data were collected from each leg. Each EMG signal was expanded to muscles in the OpenSim model with similar anatomical function before being used as inputs to the EMG-driven modeling process. Superscripts 1 and 2 indicate “unmeasured” EMG signals for subject S1 and S2, respectively. Muscles were categorized based on their actuated degrees of freedom (DOFs), which included: hip flexion/extension (HipFE), hip adduction/abduction (HipAA), hip internal/external rotation (HipRot), knee flexion/extension (KneeFE), ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion (AnklePD), and ankle inversion/eversion (AnkleIE)