Fig. 8

EMG-driven model parameter values for two legs of both subjects from “\(S{\text{yn}}X_{Unmeasured} + Params\)” optimization (in orange) and “gold standard (Params)” optimization (blue bars). The upper and lower bounds during optimization for each of the four activation dynamics model parameters have been indicated by grey dash-sot lines, where the upper and lower bounds for the scaling factors of optimal fiber lengths and tendon slack lengths were [0.6, 1.4] for all muscles