Fig. 1

Experimental data used to personalize musculoskeletal models. A Anthropometry (mean ± 1 standard deviation). B Muscle strength deficits. C Passive range of motion. D Muscle stiffness. AB, abdominal; BA, back; DF, dorsiflexors; DMD1, DMD group with the mildly affected gait pattern; DMD2, DMD group with the tiptoeing gait pattern; DMD3, DMD group with the flexion gait pattern; GAS, gastrocnemius; HA, hip abductors; HAM, hamstrings; HE, hip extensors; HF, hip flexors; KE, knee extensors; KF, knee flexors; PF, plantar flexors; RF, rectus femoris; SOL, soleus; TD, typically developing